Blog Archive Accelerate Your Career and Experience Foreign Cultures with the Wharton Executive MBA

Blog Archive Accelerate Your Career and Experience Foreign Cultures with the Wharton Executive MBA The full-time MBA program at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania attracts thousands of applications each yearâ€"the Class of 2020, for example, was built from a total of 6,245 applications. But for applicants who have already gained lengthy work and leadership experience, the school’s Executive MBA (EMBA) Program may be a better fit. Wharton’s EMBA Class of 2021 is decidedly diverse, featuring 236 participants from 26 countries with an average of 12 years of work experience and an average age of 36. The 24-month Wharton EMBA program follows largely the same curriculum as its full-time counterpart, but it allows participants to continue to work full time throughout their studies. The program is offered at Wharton’s Philadelphia and San Francisco campuses, and students can switch locations in their second year or take a semester of elective classes on the other campus if space is available. Each incoming class is typically split equally between the Philadelphia campus (120 within the Class of 2021) and the San Francisco campus (116 within the Class of 2021). The program kicks off with a week-long orientation program at the Philadelphia campus, which all EMBA students attend. After the orientation, classes take place at both campuses on Fridays and Saturdays every other week, in addition to a number of three-day weekends. Students typically spend 20 to 25 hours per week between class meetings studying, including remote collaboration sessions with their study teams. The EMBA core curriculum is divided into three parts: Leadership Essentials, which features three courses, including “Responsibility in Global Management”; Analytic Foundations, which also comprises three courses, including “Regression Analysis for Business”; and Business Foundations, an eight-module course featuring such themes as “Marketing Management,” “Fundamentals of Financial and Managerial Accounting,” and “Macroeconomics and the Global Economic Environment.” In their second year, students choose from a plethora of elective courses, which amount to nearly half of the program’s 19 credit units. Although students are not required to follow a major course of study, they can choose from the 19 majors offered by Wharton. In the second year of the program, students take part in the EMBA Global Business Week, a seven-day trip consisting of company visits, lectures, and learning about the culture at one of five available international locations. The most recent class that participated in Global Business Week chose from such locations as Cuba, Spain, China, and South Africa. The EMBA program also offers Global Modular Courses, which are short and intensive workshops hosted in various locations focusing on locally relevant topics. Past courses have included “Conducting Business in Emerging Economies” in Colombia, “Competitive Advantage in the Leisure Industry” in Portugal and Spain, and “Sustainable Growth in ASEAN” in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore. Combining a demanding job with part-time MBA studies can be challenging, but the effort involved can confer notable advantagesâ€"not only in the professional doors an MBA typically opens and the leadership skills gained but also in the relationships established with classmates and faculty members. If you are considering applying to a part-time MBA program, sign up for a free 30-minute consultation with one of our Senior Consultants to get valuable information on starting your journey. Share ThisTweet Business School University of Pennsylvania (Wharton)

A Social Critique Of The Judgment Of Taste - 1661 Words

Pierrie Bourdieu was a sociologist, anthropologist, philosopher, and renowned public intellectual. He mainly focused with the dynamics of powers in society; especially those that were diverse and delicate in the ways of how they were transferred. As well as how social order were maintained throughout the time of their existence. (Bourdieu) Bourdieu is best known for his book Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Being deemed the sixth most important sociological work of the twentieth century by the International Sociological Association (ISA). (Bourdieu) argues that judgments of taste are acts of social positioning. Along the journey of debating the correlation between taste and social positioning, he tried to reunite the influences of both external social structures such as: churches, schools, and other physical constructs that society is able to interact in. Along with social structures subjective experience, which is a product of an individual mind. Roland Robertson is a sociologist and theorist of globalization. With a touring of who lectures at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, United Kingdom. Formerly he was a professor of sociology at the University of Pittsburgh. He was the President of the Association for the Sociology of Religion in 1988. Robertson s main works are Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture (1992) and the edited volume Global Modernities. 1985 first used the term â€Å"globalization† in one of Roland sociological article.Show MoreRelatedThe Gay Science : A Modern Critique Of Science1621 Words   |  7 PagesThe Gay Science: A Modern Critique of Science Bertrand Russell wrote about Nietzsche in A History of Western Philosophy, â€Å"He invented no new technical theories in ontology or epistemology; his importance is primarily in ethics, and secondarily as an acute historical critic.† (Russell 760) If The Gay Science is read as a true prescription for how science should be done, the majority of Nietzsche’s sections seem unrelated; there is no clear way too see how these sections speak to what is commonly understoodRead MoreThe Sociological Concept Of ‘Taste’ Allows Us To See How1651 Words   |  7 PagesThe sociological concept of ‘taste’ allows us to see how our styles and mannerisms directly define and structure the societal groups we inhabit. In Stewart’s book ‘Culture, Taste and Value’ (2013) he defines taste, from a common sense perspective, as a purely subjective, private matter (Stewart, 2013). However, in this essay, my aim is to inform the reader of the substantial implications ‘taste’ has as a theoretical framework for explaining societal structures and understanding everyday life. TheRead MoreThe Theories from the Movie of Confessions of a Shopaholic1588 Words   |  7 PagesInstances with cultural dimension are everywhere. The very normal everyday affairs that relate to cultural field could intricately stand on behalf of, or are shaped by, wider social and cultural forces (Miller, McHoul, 1). For instance, in the movie of Confessions of a Shopaholic (2009), fashion as a significant element, including the appearances of projection, consumption and aesthetics, as well as the status of upper class, determines self-identity and expresses one’s personality and discoursesRead MoreAll Mankind, Possesses An Equal Basic Moral Status. We1627 Words   |  7 PagesAll mankind, possesses an equal basic moral status. We can see, feel, hear, taste and have tactile sensation, allows us to be inquisitive about the world around us. In Kant’s general introduction to the metaphysics of morals. Kant states, â€Å"the active faculty of the human brain, as the faculty of desire in its broadest sense, is the power which man possesses, through his mental representations, of becoming the cause of objects corresponding to these agencies.† The capacity of a being to act in accordRead MoreFilm Critique : What Makes A Good Mystery?1750 Words   |  7 Pages Film Critique Introduction What makes a good Mystery? What has to happen for the suspense of the mystery to be affective? Should there be an exciting twist within the suspense of the movie for the mystery to take place? Is it the unknown of the storyline that makes the mystery compelling and exciting? Where there are dark places, law breaker, and a twisted plot with some uncertainty are typical sign of a mystery film. The suspense of the story draw you in and the twisted surprising conclusionsRead MoreLifestyle and Consumer Culture2476 Words   |  10 Pageshas a more limited sociological meaning based on differences in style of life of different classes, it represents self-expression, uniqueness, and a stylistic self-consciousness within the modern consumer culture. Some of the common indicators of taste and consumer lifestyle include speech, home, leisure pastimes, choice of holidays, and eating and drinking preferences. The changes in production methods, mass consumption, consumer demand, and market segme ntation have contributed to the increase inRead MoreThe Conceptual Connection Between Art And Aesthetics2378 Words   |  10 Pagesfunctional purposes it is not art at all, but pure exercises in aesthetics. Above all Clement Greenberg is the critic of taste’ (Kosuth; 854) Is Kosuth’s stance on the negating of aesthetic presence a dig only at ‘Formulism’ or more of a defining attitude to actually attest what ‘art’ is and how it should be utilised to carry an idea and not just decorate in a modernist Greenberg taste? Within this essay I will argue, yes indeed conceptualism stripped the notion of morphological art and the decorativeRead MoreHow Linguistic Ethnographers Blommaert And. Borba Conceptualize Ethnographic Research?867 Words   |  4 Pagesstructure. Student number: 1568114 15 REFERENCES Androutsopoulos, J. (2014) Mediatization and Sociolinguistic Change. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH Bauman, R. Briggs, C. (1990) Poetics and performance as critical perspectives on language and social life. Annual Review of Anthropology (19) 59-88 Blommaert, J. (2015) Pierre Bourdieu and language in society. Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies #126. At www.tilburguniversity.edu Blommaert, J. (2005) Bourdieu the Ethnographer – The ethnographic GroundingRead MoreEthical Relativism Is An Unsound And Unreliable Ethical Philosophy1742 Words   |  7 Pagescultures (Kluckhohn, 2011). Herodotus, the Greek historian advanced this view when he observed that different societies have different customs and that each person thinks that his customs are better than the other person (Kluckhohn, 2011). But no set of social customs are really better or superior than others. From these arguments it is clear that the view that what is morally right or wrong is dependent upon what one’s culture believes is right or wrong. Ideally, what the society you come from views asRead MoreBourdieus Theory Of Cultural Development1606 Words   |  7 PagesBourdieu’s theory, based on his book Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste, makes the declaration that higher levels of education will result in perceiving and comprehending the world around them mu ch differently than a person with a much lower educational level. Bourdieu’s theory attributes this claim to the terms: cultural capital, cultural arbitrary and habitus, which are developed through education and rationalize how the higher social classes are made up of these different forms of

An Introduction to Ergonomics

Assessment Of Acute Phase Protein - 1216 Words

DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY FACULTY OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM Assessment of acute phase protein (plasminogen activating inhibitor) levels and in type 2 Sudanese diabetic patients A research proposal for master degree of medical biochemistry By Khalid M.Elhassan Osman Abdelsamad Supervisor Dr. Khalid Hussein Introduction and literature review: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies. It is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia together with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects of insulin secretion, insulin action or both.(1) Type 2 diabetes (formerly called non-insulin-dependent or adult onset diabetes) is caused by the body’s ineffective use of insulin. It often results from excess body weight and physical inactivity. The expected number of diabetic patients 438 million by 2030, an increase of 54% compared to predicted figures for 2010(2). Macro vascular diseases such as coronary artery disease are one of complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of diabetes is increasing, now diabetes also affects adolescents and younger adults, thus promoting the earlier development of long term cardiovascular complications. Diabetes itself accounts for 75 – 90% of the excess coronary art ery disease (CAD) risk and enhances the effects of other cardiovascular risk factors. Death from stroke and myocardial infarction (MI) are the leadingShow MoreRelatedLab Report On Biochemical Assessment880 Words   |  4 Pages PUID _0026259309_______________________ LAB: Monday Thursday (circle one) Week 2 Lab Assignment: Biochemical Assessment Paper Copy Due in Lab Week of September 12 Submit Electronic Copy on Safe Assign in Blackboard REFERENCES TO USE: Nelms Textbook - Appendix E and assigned readings Read the Case Study posted on Blackboard. Questions #1 to #9 pertain to the Case Study. 1. Define the following terms: - pancytopenia: deficiency of red cells, white cells, and platelets in the bloodRead MoreMalnutrition Increases Morbidity and Mortality Essay1183 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween intake and requirement that changes metabolism, loss of body mass, and impaired function.1 Malnutrition is a common problem among patients with severe or chronic diseases. The main cause of malnutrition in developed countries is disease. Either acute or chronic disorder can aggravate malnutrition in many ways such as change in metabolism due to infection or inflammation, response to trauma, absorption, or appetite. Other than pathological causes for malnutrition, socioeconomic factors such asRead MoreThe Health Of The Livestock Production Of Poultry Carrying An Infectious Disease1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe Acute phase proteins are produced as the develop of a response caused after a variety of conditions stimulated by inflammatory cells producing chemical substances that activate specific organs to produce these proteins to reconstitute homeostasis and thus restore the injured tissue. Even though the Acute Phase Response generated is not specific for each determined disease, the measurement of these proteins in an animal may indicate the occurrence of an unhealthy condition, and a further diagnosisRead MoreThe Effects Of Blood Analysis On Veterinary Practice1488 Words   |  6 Pagespresence of acute or chronic inflammation or infection or of immunoproliferative disorders. Alongside of traditional hematologic analyses, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of acute phase response in veterinary medicine over recent years, to the point that measurement of acute phase proteins has proved as a powerful tool to enhance clinical evaluation in domestic animals for diagnostic, monitoring and prognostic purposes (Eckersall and Bell, 2010). The acute phase response (APR)Read MoreThe Effects Of Blood Analysis On Veterinary Practice1488 Words   |  6 Pagespresence of acute or chronic inflammation or infection or of immunoproliferative disorders. Alongside of traditional hematologic analyses, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of acute phase response in veterinary medicine over recent years, to the point that measurement of acute phase proteins has proved as a powerful tool to enhance clinical evaluation in domestic animals for diagnostic, monitoring and prognostic purposes (Eckersall and Bell, 2010). The acute phase response (APR)Read MoreProteomics Analysis On Prostate Cancer1195 Words   |  5 PagesComparative proteomics analysis of urine reveals down-regulation of Acute Phase Response Signaling and LXR/RXR activation pathways in prostate cancer Abstract: Detecting prostate cancer (PCa) using non-invasive diagnostic markers still remains a challenge. The aim of this study was the identification of urine proteins sufficiently sensitive and specific to detect PCa in the early stages. Comparative proteomics profiling of urine from patients with PCa, benign prostate hyperplasia, bladder cancerRead MoreAcute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ( Ards )1122 Words   |  5 Pages According to the American Lung Association, â€Å"Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a rapidly progressive disease occurring in critically ill patients.† ARDS is an extreme manifestation of a lung injury that can be associated with an acute medical problem. This occurs as a result of direct or indirect trauma to the lungs. With nearly 200,000 cases in the United States each year, ARDS is not extremely common (â€Å"Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome†). Most people who acquire this disease areRead MoreThe Effects Of Injury Assessment On Athletes Participating961 Words   |  4 Pagesor a twist to the knee, or result from overuse of a muscle, tendon, or bone (1). This information will be helpful when assessing an injury. The three steps of injury assessment are, determine the type and extent of the injury, locate signs and symptoms, and finally compare bilaterally to notice any deformities (2). Our injury assessment is aided by the popular acronym H.O.P.S. Which stands for history, observation, palpation, and special tests. History is crucial for diagnosing an injury and wouldRead MoreRheumatoid Arthritis : The Commonest Form Of Inflammatory Arthritis985 Words   |  4 Pagesphysical examination, acute phase reactants, patient and physician global assessment of disease activity and patient assessment of pain and fatigue (Salomon-Escoto et al. 2011). To standardise these measures, the American College of Rheumatology (ACR), and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) have proposed ‘core data set of ou tcome measures’ that includes: swollen and tender joint counts, patient assessment of pain, patient global assessment, physician global assessment, measurement of functionalRead MoreHepatitis C Virus ( Hcv )1326 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most widely distributed genotypes being types 1, the most common, and type 2. Acute Hepatitis C virus is a short-term infection that occurs within the first 6 months of being exposed to the Hepatitis C virus. Mild symptoms such as fatigue and vomiting within the first six months after exposure may be present, but in many cases, the disease causes no symptoms at all. This extremely problematic because if acute hepatitis C is actually diagnosed, treatment would reduce the risk of a chronic infection

Labor and Unions in America Essay Example For Students

Labor and Unions in America Essay The Industrial Revolution was dawning in the United States. At Lowell, Massachusetts, the construction of a big cotton mill began in 1821. It was the first of several that would be built there in the next 10 years. The machinery to spin and weave cotton into cloth would be driven by water power. All that the factory owners needed was a dependable supply of labor to tend the machines. As most jobs in cotton factories required neither great strength nor special skills, the owners thought women could do the work as well as or better than men. In addition, they were more compliant. The New England region was home to many young, single farm girls who might be recruited. But would stern New England farmers allow their daughters to work in factories? The great majority of them would not. They believed that sooner or later factory workers would be exploited and would sink into hopeless poverty. Economic laws would force them to work harder and harder for less and less pay. THE LOWELL EXPERIMENTHow, then, were the factory owners able to recruit farm girls as laborers? They did it by building decent houses in which the girls could live. These houses were supervised by older women who made sure that the girls lived by strict moral standards. The girls were encouraged to go to church, to read, to write and to attend lectures. They saved part of their earnings to help their families at home or to use when they got married. The young factory workers did not earn high wages; the average pay was about $3.50 a week. But in those times, a half-dozen eggs cost five cents and a whole chicken cost 15 cents. The hours worked in the factories were long. Generally, the girls worked 11 to 13 hours a day, six days a week. But most people in the 1830s worked from dawn until dusk, and farm girls were used to getting up early and working until bedtime at nine oclock. The factory owners at Lowell believed that machines would bring progress as well as profit. Workers and capitalists would both benefit from the wealth created by mass production. For a while, the factory system at Lowell worked very well. The population of the town grew from 200 in 1820 to 30,000 in 1845. But conditions in Lowells factories had already started to change. Faced with growing competition, factory owners began to decrease wages in order to lower the cost-and the price-of finished products. They increased the number of machines that each girl had to operate. In addition, they began to overcrowd the houses in which the girls lived. Sometimes eight girls had to share one room. In 1836, 1,500 factory girls went on strike to protest wage cuts. (The girls called their action a turn out.) But it was useless. Desperately poor immigrants were beginning to arrive in the United States from Europe. To earn a living, they were willing to accept low wages and poor working conditions. Before long, immigrant women replaced the Yankee (American) farm girls. To many people, it was apparent that justice for wage earners would not come easily. Labor in America faced a long, uphill struggle to win fair treatment. In that struggle, more and more workers would turn to labor unions to help their cause. They would endure violence, cruelty and bitter defeats. But eventually they would achieve a standard of living unknown to workers at any other time in history. GROWTH OF THE FACTORYIn colonial America, most manufacturing was done by hand in the home. Some was done in workshops attached to the home. .u08146a3590eff8efc4f5059c91dc0bc8 , .u08146a3590eff8efc4f5059c91dc0bc8 .postImageUrl , .u08146a3590eff8efc4f5059c91dc0bc8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u08146a3590eff8efc4f5059c91dc0bc8 , .u08146a3590eff8efc4f5059c91dc0bc8:hover , .u08146a3590eff8efc4f5059c91dc0bc8:visited , .u08146a3590eff8efc4f5059c91dc0bc8:active { border:0!important; } .u08146a3590eff8efc4f5059c91dc0bc8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u08146a3590eff8efc4f5059c91dc0bc8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u08146a3590eff8efc4f5059c91dc0bc8:active , .u08146a3590eff8efc4f5059c91dc0bc8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u08146a3590eff8efc4f5059c91dc0bc8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u08146a3590eff8efc4f5059c91dc0bc8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u08146a3590eff8efc4f5059c91dc0bc8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u08146a3590eff8efc4f5059c91dc0bc8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u08146a3590eff8efc4f5059c91dc0bc8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u08146a3590eff8efc4f5059c91dc0bc8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u08146a3590eff8efc4f5059c91dc0bc8 .u08146a3590eff8efc4f5059c91dc0bc8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u08146a3590eff8efc4f5059c91dc0bc8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Youth Essay As towns grew into cities, the demand for manufactured goods increased. Some workshop owners began hiring helpers to increase production. Relations between the employer and helper were generally harmonious. They worked side by side, had the same interests and held similar political views. The factory system that began around 1800 brought great changes. The employer no longer worked beside his employees. He became an executive and a merchant who rarely saw his workers. He was concerned less with their welfare than with the cost of their labor. Many workers were angry

Western civilization

The modern scientific revolution view about the world replaced the existing medieval view. The scientific view of the world brought about modern understanding of human nature, physics, natural environment as well as biology. The medieval view of the world examined the globe using major realms of religion. Later, the new scientific view of the world pursued the concept that the universe was a stationary object that was located at the center of heavenly bodies (Sherman Salisbury 465).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Western civilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More John Locke followed the foot steps of Newton’s perception of the natural world but he went further and presented a better understanding of the minds of human. According to Locke, human beings are born with a blank mind without any innate idea or thought on it and therefore any idea found in the minds of human beings are as a result of sensory input. According to Sherman and Salisbury, â€Å"Locke’s empirical psychology rejected the notion that human beings were born with innate ideas or that revelation was a reliable source of truth† (464). According to Locke, the mind of a human being is created when it comes into contact with external world. Hence, his view on the nature of human mind challenged the medieval view of the world on the existence of human mind being based on miracles and mere beliefs. In his scientific view of the world, Locke disputed the belief on origin of sin. According to him, all human beings have the ability to change their destinies and therefore he disputed the medieval view of the world that men cannot change their perceived destination ((Sherman Salisbury 446). The new scientific view of the world promoted critical thinking unlike the medieval view which failed to do so. In addition, no single aspect or theory can be accepted on the basis of superstition. Thus, the existing super stition on nature was replaced with much reliance on reasoning and the thought that the universe was governed by rational thinking and not elements of superstition. Hence, â€Å"†¦established religions were based on nothing but hope and fear. Reason demanded that people live with skeptical uncertainty rather than dogmatic faith† (Sherman Salisbury 465).Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, the new scientific view posited that nothing should be accepted on the basis of faith, superstitions and beliefs. The scientific view of the world came up with an objective truth that was used in carrying out experiments. According to scientific view of the world, individuals should use their logical and their reasoning to objectively and accurately explore the universe and not rely on superstition as the medieval view of the world did (Sherman Salisbury 467). The new sci entific view theorized the universe as a stable entity and instability could only be caused by disturbance of the universal machine. For instance, Sherman and Salisbury observe that â€Å"optimistic intellectuals pushed for reform and change using critical change and empirical reasoning to back their arguments† (465). Thus according to scientific view of the world, any instability should be avoided and emphasis should be placed on putting up measures to avoid any disturbance of the natural order (Sherman Salisbury 460). The new scientific view of the world welcomed the notion of order but discouraged disorder and thus disorder was avoided at all costs. Thus, plagues, earthquakes, storms and other threatening activities were seen as disruptors of natural order (Sherman Salisbury 459). The same view was held up by traditionalist who viewed the world as an entity created by God and therefore, the existing divine order should not be disrupted either by man or any other element. Therefore, both the new scientific view of the world and the medieval view perceived human behavior as not only disruptive but also disorderly. Hence, there was need to control both of these entities. Influence of enlightenment on traditional views and authorities The enlightenment was created by a set of intellectual and cultural transformations that took place in Europe. During the revolution period, European scholars and thinkers disputed the existing scientific beliefs that were put in place by the ancients and held up by the church. According to Sherman and Salisbury, â€Å"new information and arguments added weight to Bayle’s criticism of biblical authority† (467). For instance the geologists argued that the earth was there before and thus they disputed the biblical account the same. Science-the church altered their views towards science due to astronomers such as Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei. These astronomers questioned the existing truth on Aristotleâ €™s teachings and other truths that were accepted during that time in explaining the existence of the world and man. The works of Galilei in the field of inertia and physics and those of Kepler on the motion of earth changed the perception of the church and other authorities in the way in which they viewed the earth (Sherman Salisbury 467).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Western civilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, during the enlightenment period, astronomy, earth science, scientific revolution and physics among others experienced new methods of scientific exploration. The enlightenment further influenced the culture, politics and scientific milestones. In conclusion, the medieval view of the world applied the realm of religion to explain existence of the world. Everything was tied up on God as the provider and creator of the universe. In addition, medieval age was laced with belief in su perstition and miracles. However, the new scientific view of the world maintained that the existence of the universe can only be explained using critical thinking and not belief system and faith. The new scientific view also believed that the existence of the earth should only be explained using the realm of truth and reality which should be objective in nature. On the other hand, the element of enlightenment influenced greatly the traditional views and authorities in quite a number of ways. Works Cited Sherman, Dennis Salisbury, Joyce. New world of reason and reform. Boston: McGraw-hill, 2004. This essay on Western civilization was written and submitted by user Melissa Buck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay on Just War

Essay on Just War Essay on Just War Essay on Just WarThe concept of the â€Å"Just War† is controversial. On the one hand, the war implies injustice, because parties involved in the war use extreme violence and often military actions result in casualties among civilians. On the other hand, the concept of just war implies that the war may start for a good reason, which is morally justifiable, that makes the war just. For instance, the prevention of genocide is a morally reasonable cause to launch the war and such war may be viewed as just. Hence, the war can be justified if the war has good intentions or matches existing moral or ethical rules (McMahan, 2013). However, such a view on the concept of just war stands on the deontological ground because it pursues the idea that the war may be just if it adheres to existing moral norms and rules, including the possible protection of human rights, response to aggression and other issues. Alternatively there are other views on the concept of just war which have a differ ent theoretical background. For instance, the utilitarian theory views the just war as the war that pursues the common good, while the egoist theory implies that the just war pursues individual needs of certain countries. Therefore, the concept of just war may be viewed from different perspective but the problem is that there is no universal explanation of this concept that could offer a plausible explanation of the concept of the just war without the risk of confronting severe and just criticism.Many proponents of the concept of just war (McMahan, 2013), including those, who stand on the deontological ground, insist that the war is just, when it is conducted in accordance to moral norms and standards that imply the protection of human rights as one of major duties of the civil society. For instance, the war may be just when it protects the population of a country from the violation of their basic human rights by an authoritarian government or when the army of one country is used to conduct the genocide of an ethnic group.However, the borderline between the just war and unjust war is very fragile, because the use of military forces leads to casualties, destructions, or even crimes against humanity. In such a situation, the question concerning the boundary of the just war rises. In case of the just war from the deonotological perspective the major question that arises is how to keep all actions of the military during the war morally correct. For instance, if the military operation conducted to prevent the genocide results in the death of civilians because of the erroneous targeting of an airstrike, then such action is morally wrong that means the this part of the military operation is morally wrong and unjust. However, if a part of the war is unjust, can the entire war be just then? Such problems may arise among all parties involved in the war. Consequently, the practical application of the concept of just war is very difficult and just war is rather hypothetic al or abstract concept that does not exist in the real life.Furthermore, the concept of just war may not always be applicable because totally different cultures have different moral norms and values (Mosser, 2013). Therefore, one culture may perceive actions of a party in the war as just, whereas another party may perceive those actions as unjust that makes the war unjust. In such a way, the development of the concept of the just war is possible only on the condition of the elaboration of universal cultural norms and values which allow assessing actions of parties involved in the war to determine whether the war is just or not, but, in the real world, such agreement between representatives of different cultures is virtually impossible.Alternatively, the concept of the just war may be viewed from the utilitarian perspective. In such a context, the war may be viewed as just, if it matches the principle of utility. To put it more precisely, the war may be just, if it pursues interests of the majority and serves to the common good. For instance, if an ethnic minority rebels and the government uses the army to suppress the rebellion, the government serves to the interests of the majority and the fast suppression of the rebellion is good and justifiable because this will minimize casualties, before the conflict becomes large scale. However, such a view on the just war disregards interests and rights of individuals. In other words, the majority turns out to be always right and any crimes against humanity that may be committed in the course of the war are justifiable and morally correct as long as they serve to the common good, according to the utilitarian perspective.Furthermore, the concept of just war may be viewed from the standpoint of egoism which put interests of the self and its needs above all. In case of the just war, this means that the war may be just, if it serves to the interests of the self (Guthrie Quinlan, 2007). The self may be viewed not only at th e individual but also collective level. Countries may pursue its national interests, while starting a war. For instance, a country may launch a war to gain control over resources vitally important for the survival of the population of the country. Such war may be just from the egoist perspective (Crawford, 2003). However, there is still the question concerning the moral justifiability of such actions. For instance, the war for resources may be important but probably there are other options to meet national interests and the population of the country. For instance, the introduction of innovations can minimize the consumption of resources that will make the war unnecessary. In fact, the main drawback of the egoist view on the concept of just war is the disrespect to needs and interests of others. Egoism admits the possibility of the war on any reason as long as the war meets needs of certain country that launches the war (Mosser, 2013). However, such policy and justification of the wa r may result in extremely aggressive policies conducted by the government of a country. In such a situation, the government just has to find a plausible pretext for the war to make it just. The government just needs to find the reason for the war that will show that the country does need the war, while the refusal from the war will have devastating effects and will be harmful for the population of the country.Thus, the concept of just war is very controversial and the borderline between the just and unjust war is fragile and not always evident. Hypothetically, the deontological theory can justify the war, if the war is conducted in accordance to moral norms and rules, i.e. when actions of parties involved in the war match those moral norms and standards. However, such cases are exceptional since even if the reason for the war and goals parties pursue in the war may be fair and just, but means with the parties use are often unjust and contradict to moral norms and principles. Similar ly, the utilitarian theory also fails to provide the plausible explanation of the concept of the just war. The utilitarian theory develops the concept of the just war based on the principle of utility that makes the war just as long as it serves to the common good, but this theory disrespects interests and rights of individuals to the extent that their rights may be absolutely neglected but the war will remain just because it serves to the common good. Finally, the egoist theory makes the war just as long as it serves to individualistic needs and interests, but this theory fails to respect needs of others that also makes the egoist concept of the just war morally questionable.